Encouraging Whistleblowing Among Generational Cybercriminals Facilitating Governmental Cyberespionage

Authors

  • Tim Pappa Independent Researcher/Fmr FBI profiler Author
  • Olga Kuprina Reformed BlackHat hacker, Senior Threat Intelligence & Collections Analyst, Behavioral & Forensic Linguist, Ukrainian and Russian Language Cyber Expert Author

Keywords:

cyberespionage, whistleblowing, cybercrime, narrative persuasion, shame, guilt

Abstract

Cybercriminals supporting governmental intelligence and military espionage who are encouraged to become whistleblowers could singularly disrupt the global and geopolitical order.  This practitioner’s position paper suggests that encouraging cybercriminals to become whistleblowers by demonstrating real and imagined peer whistleblowing of corruption and abuse could provide some balance, as many nations become more transparent even when forced because they lack information on what negative or questionable information will be revealed.  There are changing generational norms suggesting that younger generations in different countries are more willing to vocalize allegations or evidence of fraud and corruption within their organizations, which is much more consistent with whistleblowing behaviors found in literature.  This exploratory practitioner’s position paper integrates research on the changing generational whistleblowing norms and models of shame and guilt influencing behavior in different cultures, proposing a conceptual behavioral paradigm and narrative model suggesting how cybercriminals could be motivated or encouraged to become whistleblowers.  We suggest that whistleblowing could continue to emerge as a naturalizing act that diffuses undemocratic and adversarial postures of international political and military decisionmakers.  This paper will visualize the application of this proposed narrative conceptual model to two theoretical scenarios where there is corruption and abuse uncovered in governmental cyberespionage. 

Author Biographies

  • Tim Pappa, Independent Researcher/Fmr FBI profiler

    Tim Pappa is an Incident Response Engineer - Cyber Deception Strategy, Content Development, and Marketing, Cyber Deception Operations, Walmart Global Tech.  Before Walmart Global Tech, Tim was a Supervisory Special Agent and profiler with the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), where he specialized in cyber deception and online influence.  Tim has presented and published at various academic and industry conferences, including Black Hat Asia, NDSS, IEEE S&P, CYBERWARCON, and the Honeynet Project.  Tim has also held various strategy and policy Fellow roles at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and the Aspen Institute.  Singapore-based publisher, World Scientific, published his first book, “Influencing the Influencers: Applying Whaley’s Communication and Deception Frameworks to Terrorism and Insurgent Narratives” in summer 2025.  He is currently writing No Starch Press's first book on cyber deception.

  • Olga Kuprina, Reformed BlackHat hacker, Senior Threat Intelligence & Collections Analyst, Behavioral & Forensic Linguist, Ukrainian and Russian Language Cyber Expert

    Olga Kuprina is a researcher in web/system/networks attacks on various platforms, with strong focus on penetration testing, social engineering, and human intelligence (HUMINT). Her twenty-two years of experience in hacking, insider trading, carding, corporate espionage, fraud, and related cybercrime activities include being having been the leader of an elite international Ukraine-based hacking organization. Undetected for years, silent network intrusions earned her the nickname “Ghost in the Shell." Her criminal resume includes hacking into SEC.gov, Pentagon and NASA, and her social engineering skills include five years of successful undercover work, distruption of several of the most notorious ransomware gangs, creation of underground community, and managing social media disinformation campaigns. Olga has a well-known in criminal history as “The Number One Hacker in the World."

Published

02/22/2026

Issue

Section

Hybrid Perspectives

How to Cite

Encouraging Whistleblowing Among Generational Cybercriminals Facilitating Governmental Cyberespionage. (2026). Journal of Strategic Competition, 2(1). https://www.strategiccompetition.org/index.php/josc/article/view/15